Scientist and Director of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (1861-1938). Born in Fleurier, Switzerland. Developed "Elinvar," a self-correcting alloy of iron and nickel. This alloy was adopted for balance springs, reducing temperature error in watches. Received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1920. His main book on watches is "Les aciers au nickel et leur application a la chronométrie" (1904).